- Experimental music became available to a mass market
- Rough Trade started as a record shop on the 20th of febuary in 1976.
- Geoff Travis founded the shop.
- When 'The Clash' became famous it showed there was an audience for alternative music.
- 'The Buzzcocks' showed that you could create alternative music records without being signed to a major record label.
- This showed anyone could make an album
- Rough Trade always took records - even 25 copies
- Richard Scott, in 1977, started a mail order service for indie distribution. 'Cartel' distribution network
- Rough Trade - post punk Record Label - 1977
- Rough Trade created a 50/50 contract system where, after distribution costs, the band and the Label get an equal amount, also the bands where'nt obligated to stay with the Label.
- 1978 - 'Stiff Little Fingers' (The No sell-out band signed to Rough Trade) sold out to a major record label and sold 100,000 copies of their first album.
- Alternative music became Main-stream Music.
- Between 1976 - 1980 there were 800 indie labels
- 'Scritti Politti' wanted to start having hits so switched to a major record label
- 'Aztec Camera' also left to sign to a major record label.
- Rough Trade had to close the shop because of financial difficulties
- Rough Trade signed 'The Smiths'
- Rough Trade went international
- 'The Smiths' tried signing to EMI but where still under a contract to Rough Trade
- After the termination of their contract 'The Smiths' signed to EMI but never gave them an album.
- 1980's independant labels owned 40% of the industry
- March 1991 Rough Trades assets went under and 2/3rds of the staff had ben 'axed'
- 1993 Rough Trade signed 'Pulp'
- 21st anniversary of Rough Trade, Geoff Travis re-opened the music label.
- Rough Trade signed 'The Libertines'
- Rough Trade signed 'Duffy'
Tuesday, 24 January 2012
Rough Trade Research (extra research)
Friday, 13 January 2012
Case Study
Major Record Label - Universal.
http://www.universalmusic.com/
Global UMG physical & digital market shares in 2010 - 28.7%
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the world’s largest music content company with market leading positions in recorded music, music publishing, and merchandising. UMG’s merchandising company, sells artist- and music-branded products via multiple sales point such as fashion retail, live performances, and the Internet. UMG is one of the worlds largest record labels as it is home to a vast amount of artists. Eminem, Akon, All American Rejects Justin Bieber, The Black Eyed Peas and Taylor Swift are just some of the artists signed to universal, amongst the hundreds of others.
Distribution
With 51 offices in 43 territories, Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG) is the industry's largest global music publishing operation. UMPG represents music in every genre from some of the world’s 'hottest' songwriters and catalogs. "UMPG is also a global leader in the areas of Production Music, Christian and Classical Music." this is a quote from the Universal official website, because this was Universal saying it they are obviously going to be biased and say that they are the best apposed to their competitors, but seeing as Universal is one of the top three major record labels the chances are that it is not far off being "Global Leader"
Artists
Eminem, being one of the many Artists signed to UMG, is rated by 'Rolling Stone Music' as number 83 of the top 100 artists of all time, beating artists such as 'TuPac' and 'Guns N Roses'.
Elton John, Musical legend, said "I got goose bumps, the likes of which I have not felt since I first saw Jimi Hendrix, Mick Jagger, James Brown and Aretha Franklin. Eminem was that good." with this comparison from an artist like Elton John it can show the benefits it brings in for UMG. He has also sold more than 42 million track downloads and 41 million albums in the United States alone, and 86 million albums worldwide to date. This brings in a massive amount of success for UMG.
Eminem is available on Itunes, YouTube, he sells CD albums and his videos appear on TV, he takes full advantage of digitisation in order to appeal to all types of audiences all around the world.
As Eminem succeeded in multi-platinum record sales, Interscope granted him his own record label. He and his manager Paul Rosenberg created Shady Records in late 1999. He followed this by signing his own Detroit collective D12 and rapper Obie Trice to the label. In 2002, Eminem signed 50 Cent through a joint venture between Shady and Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. By creating this label and signing thse famous rappers, Eminem is creating a lot of profit for Universal as they will distribute his records and the records his record label produce.
Lady GAGA, being another artist signed to UMG, has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide and 'Rolling Stone' named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011. Lady Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music and say she is what new pop music culture needs to succeed. This adds to the already massive success that UMG has.
Rolling Stone Music top 100 Artist - Eminem Link - (http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/eminem-19691231#ixzz1jiQXCdz2)
UK Independent Record Label - Xtra Mile Recordings.
http://xtramilerecordings.com/
Xtra Mile Recordings are an independent record label based in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 by Charlie Caplowe and they release rock albums and singles. They signed the artists; Against Me!, Frank Turner and the Xcerts, amongst many others. On 8 August 2011 Xtra Mile were badly affected by the 2011 England riots, when the Sony Music warehouse that stored their records was set on fire.
Frank Turner is one of the many artists signed to Xtra Mile records, he has performed over 1000 live shows and has appeared on the covers of magazines such as 'KERRANG!' he is in the public eye, when needed, speaking out about issues within the the music industry, in 2009 he published a blog where he spoke out about many things including sticking up for the music industry, "let's put it this way: recording isn't free, instruments aren't free, session players, producers, engineers, artists aren't free. My time isn't free either - I work hard and I expect to get paid for it. Maybe we are heading for a world in which all recorded music is free, but if so, be prepared for gig and T-shirt prices to rise." Frank Turners fans are renowned for their dedication and loyalty to him as he is a very good motivational speaker and an extremely talented artist, so by speaking out against illegal downloading and speaking up for the music industry it creates attention towards him and Xtra Mile records will benefit as more people will notice him and buy his albums.
Against Me! This is an American punk rock band formed in 1997 in Naples, Florida releasing 5 albums throughout 8 years, the lead singer has expressed his desire to release at least one album per year for the next decade (which will bring in a lot of money for Xtra Mile records) This was announced as being Russian Spies / Occult Enemies, which was released on June 14, 2011. In the same studio session, the band recorded a cover of the theme song for a season 8 episode of 'One Tree Hill', which aired May 3, this Synergy between the band and the TV programme 'One Tree Hill' will bring a lot of attention to the band and the record label as more people will here it and buy their albums and singles.
Frank Turner Blog on the music industry, amongst other things - http://www.frank-turner.com/2009/08/angry-thoughts-on-tired-subject.html
http://www.universalmusic.com/
Global UMG physical & digital market shares in 2010 - 28.7%
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the world’s largest music content company with market leading positions in recorded music, music publishing, and merchandising. UMG’s merchandising company, sells artist- and music-branded products via multiple sales point such as fashion retail, live performances, and the Internet. UMG is one of the worlds largest record labels as it is home to a vast amount of artists. Eminem, Akon, All American Rejects Justin Bieber, The Black Eyed Peas and Taylor Swift are just some of the artists signed to universal, amongst the hundreds of others.
Distribution
In the U.S., Universal Music Group Distribution has been the industry market share leader for the past ten years and consists of four major divisions: Universal Music Distribution (UMD), Fontana, Vivendi Entertainment (VE), and UMGD Digital. UMD handles distribution and sales for UMG’s diverse roster of labels as well as a wide variety of associated labels. Fontana is the company’s independent sales, marketing and distribution arm, VE is its theatrical and home entertainment distribution division, and UMGD Digital manages and distributes all of Universal Music Group’s digital assets including mobile.
In some markets outside the U.S., UMG companies handle their own distribution and sales. In other markets UMG companies have sub-contracted services to third parties or entered into distribution joint ventures with other record companies.
PublishingIn some markets outside the U.S., UMG companies handle their own distribution and sales. In other markets UMG companies have sub-contracted services to third parties or entered into distribution joint ventures with other record companies.
With 51 offices in 43 territories, Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG) is the industry's largest global music publishing operation. UMPG represents music in every genre from some of the world’s 'hottest' songwriters and catalogs. "UMPG is also a global leader in the areas of Production Music, Christian and Classical Music." this is a quote from the Universal official website, because this was Universal saying it they are obviously going to be biased and say that they are the best apposed to their competitors, but seeing as Universal is one of the top three major record labels the chances are that it is not far off being "Global Leader"
Artists
Eminem, being one of the many Artists signed to UMG, is rated by 'Rolling Stone Music' as number 83 of the top 100 artists of all time, beating artists such as 'TuPac' and 'Guns N Roses'.
Elton John, Musical legend, said "I got goose bumps, the likes of which I have not felt since I first saw Jimi Hendrix, Mick Jagger, James Brown and Aretha Franklin. Eminem was that good." with this comparison from an artist like Elton John it can show the benefits it brings in for UMG. He has also sold more than 42 million track downloads and 41 million albums in the United States alone, and 86 million albums worldwide to date. This brings in a massive amount of success for UMG.
Eminem is available on Itunes, YouTube, he sells CD albums and his videos appear on TV, he takes full advantage of digitisation in order to appeal to all types of audiences all around the world.
As Eminem succeeded in multi-platinum record sales, Interscope granted him his own record label. He and his manager Paul Rosenberg created Shady Records in late 1999. He followed this by signing his own Detroit collective D12 and rapper Obie Trice to the label. In 2002, Eminem signed 50 Cent through a joint venture between Shady and Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. By creating this label and signing thse famous rappers, Eminem is creating a lot of profit for Universal as they will distribute his records and the records his record label produce.
Lady GAGA, being another artist signed to UMG, has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide and 'Rolling Stone' named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011. Lady Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music and say she is what new pop music culture needs to succeed. This adds to the already massive success that UMG has.
Rolling Stone Music top 100 Artist - Eminem Link - (http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/eminem-19691231#ixzz1jiQXCdz2)
UK Independent Record Label - Xtra Mile Recordings.
http://xtramilerecordings.com/
Xtra Mile Recordings are an independent record label based in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 by Charlie Caplowe and they release rock albums and singles. They signed the artists; Against Me!, Frank Turner and the Xcerts, amongst many others. On 8 August 2011 Xtra Mile were badly affected by the 2011 England riots, when the Sony Music warehouse that stored their records was set on fire.
Frank Turner is one of the many artists signed to Xtra Mile records, he has performed over 1000 live shows and has appeared on the covers of magazines such as 'KERRANG!' he is in the public eye, when needed, speaking out about issues within the the music industry, in 2009 he published a blog where he spoke out about many things including sticking up for the music industry, "let's put it this way: recording isn't free, instruments aren't free, session players, producers, engineers, artists aren't free. My time isn't free either - I work hard and I expect to get paid for it. Maybe we are heading for a world in which all recorded music is free, but if so, be prepared for gig and T-shirt prices to rise." Frank Turners fans are renowned for their dedication and loyalty to him as he is a very good motivational speaker and an extremely talented artist, so by speaking out against illegal downloading and speaking up for the music industry it creates attention towards him and Xtra Mile records will benefit as more people will notice him and buy his albums.
Against Me! This is an American punk rock band formed in 1997 in Naples, Florida releasing 5 albums throughout 8 years, the lead singer has expressed his desire to release at least one album per year for the next decade (which will bring in a lot of money for Xtra Mile records) This was announced as being Russian Spies / Occult Enemies, which was released on June 14, 2011. In the same studio session, the band recorded a cover of the theme song for a season 8 episode of 'One Tree Hill', which aired May 3, this Synergy between the band and the TV programme 'One Tree Hill' will bring a lot of attention to the band and the record label as more people will here it and buy their albums and singles.
Frank Turner Blog on the music industry, amongst other things - http://www.frank-turner.com/2009/08/angry-thoughts-on-tired-subject.html
Task - case study
Amajor record label must own at least 5% of the world market for the sale of records and/or music videos.
My task is to creats a case study on one of the 3 major record companies in the world:
There are many Subsidiary labels owned by one of the major record companies. For example Def Jam records is owned by Universal.
I must research a major record company and a UK independant record label.and include a couple of Artists that belong to that record company.
My task is to creats a case study on one of the 3 major record companies in the world:
- Warner
- Sony
- Universal
There are many Subsidiary labels owned by one of the major record companies. For example Def Jam records is owned by Universal.
I must research a major record company and a UK independant record label.and include a couple of Artists that belong to that record company.
Past Questions
Jan 2009 - Discuss production & Distribution methods.
June '09 - Importance of technology convergence to audience & Institutions.
Jan '10 - Discuss domination of global institution, selling to national audiences. Agree/Disagree.
June '10 - Discuss significance of continuing development of digital technology for audiences & Institutions.
Jan '11 - Discuss the issues by media ownership in production and exchange of texts.
June '09 - Importance of technology convergence to audience & Institutions.
Jan '10 - Discuss domination of global institution, selling to national audiences. Agree/Disagree.
June '10 - Discuss significance of continuing development of digital technology for audiences & Institutions.
Jan '11 - Discuss the issues by media ownership in production and exchange of texts.
Friday, 6 January 2012
Wednesday, 4 January 2012
Music Industry Terminology
Convergence of Technology - The opportunities from Going from analogue to digital formats
Convergence of Industrial Activity - the coming together of new media technologies.
Synergy - two or more industries combine to produce a result that they can't achieve by themselves. e.g M&S advert, Tony Hawks game ACDC
Conglomerate - a company of companies. e.g Sony, having things that used to be separate industries but now share. such as television, phone & music
Globalisation - A record label that sells its products world-wide.
Analogue Music - A turntable (or record player) is an analog device. A turntable reads bumps and grooves from a record as a continuous signal
Digitisation - This is the conversion from Analogue (Vinyl) to digital (CD). This happened around 1984. MP3 = 3mb , WAV = 40mb, CD (Binary)
Vertical Integration - The merger or take over of companies operating at different stages of the production/distribution process. E.G. Where a company owns a number of companies in the production chain.
Horizontal Integration - This is where a record label like SONY music owns a number of other music labels. They are called Subsidiary.
Major Record label - A major record label is an industry that can own many smaller record label or industries. To be a major record label you need to own at least 5% of the sale of music or/and music videos.
Subsidiary Label - This is where a record label like SONY music owns a number of other music labels. This is to criteria to different audiences, also these used to be independent until SONY or other big companies buy them in order to eliminate the threat.
Independant Label - An independent record label is a record label that owns less than 5% of the music and/or music videos.
Niche Audience - A niche audience is a small fragment of a specialist type.The targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed specifically at their interests. Niche's on a global level really work.
Mainstream Label - A Mainstream Label is a label that criterias to a mainstream audience. A Mainstream audience listens to contemporary music.
Fans - A 'fan' or 'Fanatic' is an individual who is deeply involved with a musical group or artist and will buy their albums, merchandise and attend their Gigs.
Active Audience - Individuals who promote and artist or band without being payed for it from the artist/band or company.
Audiophiles - Early adopters of music technology. paying gross amounts sometimes for the top of the range Technology.
Early adopters - Individuals who are very responsive to new Technology. very similar to Audiophiles.
Consumption - The using up of a product.
Web 2.0 - The second generation of computing. and interactive platform for computing.
Meta-tags / Personalisation - The information within the MP3 such as genre, release year, company. This is most noticeable within itunes and an Ipod.
Download - Copying data from one computer system to another.
Streaming - transferring data so that it can be processed as a continuous motion
Peer to Peer - Similar to Napster & Limewire which is the distribution of a form of media shared between individuals.
Piracy - The process of stealing data and information or hijacking a system.
Portability / miniaturisation - the act of becoming small or miniature
Multi-track - A recording device capable of recording several parallel parts or tracks which may then be recorded independently.
Sampling - taking a small portion of a larger scale product to test it.
Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) - A computer based setup. It has software that has inputs and outputs. E.g Audacity
A&R - Artists and Repertoire - the division of a recording label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label.
Record Deal - contract - royalties - A legal agreement between a record label and an artist or band.
Distribution - The act of spreading out a product over a certain area.
Plugging / marketing - The act of promoting and selling of products
Convergence of Industrial Activity - the coming together of new media technologies.
Synergy - two or more industries combine to produce a result that they can't achieve by themselves. e.g M&S advert, Tony Hawks game ACDC
Conglomerate - a company of companies. e.g Sony, having things that used to be separate industries but now share. such as television, phone & music
Globalisation - A record label that sells its products world-wide.
Analogue Music - A turntable (or record player) is an analog device. A turntable reads bumps and grooves from a record as a continuous signal
Digitisation - This is the conversion from Analogue (Vinyl) to digital (CD). This happened around 1984. MP3 = 3mb , WAV = 40mb, CD (Binary)
Vertical Integration - The merger or take over of companies operating at different stages of the production/distribution process. E.G. Where a company owns a number of companies in the production chain.
Horizontal Integration - This is where a record label like SONY music owns a number of other music labels. They are called Subsidiary.
Major Record label - A major record label is an industry that can own many smaller record label or industries. To be a major record label you need to own at least 5% of the sale of music or/and music videos.
Subsidiary Label - This is where a record label like SONY music owns a number of other music labels. This is to criteria to different audiences, also these used to be independent until SONY or other big companies buy them in order to eliminate the threat.
Independant Label - An independent record label is a record label that owns less than 5% of the music and/or music videos.
Niche Audience - A niche audience is a small fragment of a specialist type.The targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed specifically at their interests. Niche's on a global level really work.
Mainstream Label - A Mainstream Label is a label that criterias to a mainstream audience. A Mainstream audience listens to contemporary music.
Fans - A 'fan' or 'Fanatic' is an individual who is deeply involved with a musical group or artist and will buy their albums, merchandise and attend their Gigs.
Active Audience - Individuals who promote and artist or band without being payed for it from the artist/band or company.
Audiophiles - Early adopters of music technology. paying gross amounts sometimes for the top of the range Technology.
Early adopters - Individuals who are very responsive to new Technology. very similar to Audiophiles.
Consumption - The using up of a product.
Web 2.0 - The second generation of computing. and interactive platform for computing.
Meta-tags / Personalisation - The information within the MP3 such as genre, release year, company. This is most noticeable within itunes and an Ipod.
Download - Copying data from one computer system to another.
Streaming - transferring data so that it can be processed as a continuous motion
Peer to Peer - Similar to Napster & Limewire which is the distribution of a form of media shared between individuals.
Piracy - The process of stealing data and information or hijacking a system.
Portability / miniaturisation - the act of becoming small or miniature
Multi-track - A recording device capable of recording several parallel parts or tracks which may then be recorded independently.
Sampling - taking a small portion of a larger scale product to test it.
Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) - A computer based setup. It has software that has inputs and outputs. E.g Audacity
A&R - Artists and Repertoire - the division of a recording label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label.
Record Deal - contract - royalties - A legal agreement between a record label and an artist or band.
Distribution - The act of spreading out a product over a certain area.
Plugging / marketing - The act of promoting and selling of products
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